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ekil 5.2.1 KA\u00c7D\u2019leri anlamak (Giulia Forsythe, 2012 ve JISC, 2012)<\/p>\n\n
Son y\u0131llarda e\u011fitim alan\u0131ndaki hi\u00e7bir geli\u015fme, Kitlesel A\u00e7\u0131k \u00c7evrim i\u00e7i Dersler\u2019in (Massive Open Online Courses-MOOC) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 kadar tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yazar Thomas Friedman New York Times\u2019da \u015funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/span><\/p>\n\n KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan, Clayton Christensen\u2019\u0131n (2010) e\u011fitim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fini iddia etti\u011fi t\u00fcrden `par\u00e7alay\u0131c\u0131\u2019 teknoloji t\u00fcrlerinin \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin e\u011fitsel yay\u0131n\u0131n modern bir t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011funu, asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok abart\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, e\u011fitimin temel ilkelerini \u00e7ok fazla etkilemedi\u011fini ve \u00f6zellikle de dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenme tipine cevap vermedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n KA\u00c7D\u2019ler e\u011fitimde bir devrim olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fi gibi \u00f6zellikle de ABD\u2019de, gere\u011finden fazla \u015fi\u015firilen teknoloji balonlar\u0131na bir \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bana g\u00f6re KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fmedir ancak dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi bilgi ve becerilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n\n KA\u00c7D terimi \u00e7ok geni\u015f yelpazedeki tasar\u0131m modellerini kaps\u0131yor olsa da t\u00fcm KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin belli ortak \u00f6zellikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n\n 2019 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Coursera'n\u0131n sundu\u011fu en b\u00fcy\u00fck kurs 240.000 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131y\u0131 hedeflerken 35 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi bu kursa kay\u0131t yapt\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131lan KA\u00c7D\u2019lere kaydolan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcz binlerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclse de, bu rakamlar daha sonraki KA\u00c7D\u2019lerde ayn\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f ancak h\u00e2la hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r y\u00fckseklikte olmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2013 senesinde, British Columbia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin Coursera arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok say\u0131da KA\u00c7D\u2019ye kat\u0131lan \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131, ders ba\u015f\u0131na 25,000 ila 190,000 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir (Engle, 2014).<\/span><\/p>\n Bununla birlikte asl\u0131nda \u00f6nemli olan derslere kay\u0131t yapt\u0131ran ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, <\/span>KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin <\/i><\/span><\/em>prensipte<\/span> \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir olmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/i><\/span><\/em>Bir KA\u00c7D\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin teknik olarak herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131r bulunmamaktad\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc KA\u00c7D\u2019yi a\u00e7an kurumlar i\u00e7in derse kat\u0131lan her bir ki\u015finin marjinal maliyeti s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. (Asl\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa <\/span>pratikte<\/i><\/span><\/em> bu \u00e7ok da do\u011fru de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc teknoloji, yedekleme ve bant geni\u015fli\u011fi maliyetleri her bir kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 i\u00e7in artmaktad\u0131r. Yine ileride g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a KA\u00c7D veren kurumlarda ikincil masraflar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Bununla birlikte toplamda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, her bir ilave kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n maliyeti g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilir d\u00fczeyde azd\u0131r). KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirilebilirli\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle de h\u00fck\u00fbmetler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, en \u00e7ok dikkati \u00e7eken \u00f6zelliklerden biridir; ancak bunun KA\u00c7D\u2019lere \u00f6zg\u00fc bir durum olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, eri\u015filen ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 anlam\u0131nda televizyon ve radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar en az\u0131ndan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki KA\u00c7D\u2019lere herhangi <\/span><\/span>bir \u00fccret \u00f6dememektedir; ancak bir\u00e7ok KA\u00c7D, de\u011ferlendirme sonucu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlara <\/span>belli bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<\/span><\/span> sertifika veya rozet vermektedir. <\/span>\u00d6rne\u011fin, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda Coursera kurs ba\u015f\u0131na 29 -99 ABD dolar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fccret al\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u0130nternete ba\u011fl\u0131 bir bilgisayar veya mobil cihaza eri\u015fimi olmak haricinde, KA\u00c7D kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u00f6n ko\u015ful bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte geni\u015f bantl\u0131 eri\u015fim, akan video kullanan KA\u00c7D\u2019ler i\u00e7in esast\u0131r,<\/span>ki bu az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fimi geni\u015fletme potansiyellerini ciddi \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n KA\u00c7D'lerin Coursera<\/span> ve di\u011fer KA\u00c7D platformlar\u0131nda<\/span><\/span> tamamen a\u00e7\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00f6nemli bir husus da var (e\u011fitimde 'a\u00e7\u0131k' kavram\u0131n\u0131n neyi ifade etti\u011fini g\u00f6rmek Tema 11'e bk.) Coursera, ders materyallerine ait t\u00fcm haklar\u0131n tek sahibidir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu materyaller ba\u015fka bir ama\u00e7la izinsiz olarak tekrar kullan\u0131lamaz ve ders sona erdi\u011finde Coursera isterse ders materyallerini siteden kald\u0131rabilir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Coursera, hangi kurumlar\u0131n kendi platformunu kullanarak KA\u00c7D\u2019lere ev sahipli\u011fi yapabilece\u011fi karar\u0131n\u0131 da kendisi vermektedir- \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kurumlar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k bir eri\u015fim de\u011fildir. \u00d6te yandan, edX a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 bir platformdur, bu nedenle edX\"e kat\u0131lan herhangi bir kurum, kendi KA\u00c7D'lerini, materyal haklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin kendi kurallar\u0131 ile geli\u015ftirebilir. bKA\u00c7D'ler genel olarak tamamen a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ancak bKA\u00c7D'lerin bireysel kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131, materyallerin t\u00fcm\u00fc olmasa da \u00e7ok \u015fey yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haklara sahip olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131na ve KA\u00c7D malzemelerinin ne kadar s\u00fcre kullan\u0131labilir kalacaklar\u0131 her zaman a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u0130nternet \u00fczerinde herkesin eri\u015fimine \u00fccretsiz olarak a\u00e7\u0131k olan<\/span> a\u00e7\u0131k ders kitab\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim kaynaklar\u0131<\/span><\/span> gibi ba\u015fka \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i materyal t\u00fcrlerinin de bulundu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu materyaller, yeniden kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in KA\u00c7D materyallerinden \u00e7ok daha eri\u015filebilir bir pozisyondad\u0131r (Bk. Tema 11).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, en az\u0131ndan ilk zamanlarda tamamen \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i olarak verilmekteydi, fakat bug\u00fcn kurumlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu ders materyallerini kamp\u00fcs i\u00e7indeki y\u00fcz y\u00fcze derslerde de harmanlanm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imde kullanmak i\u00e7in hak sahipleri ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, kurumlar, kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 e\u011fitmenler \u00fczerinden bu materyalleri kullanarak kamp\u00fcsteki \u00f6\u011frencilere destek sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin San Jose Eyalet \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00f6\u011frenciler Udacity derslerinin KA\u00c7D materyallerini (ders anlat\u0131mlar\u0131, okumalar, k\u0131sa s\u0131navlar gibi) kullanmakta, daha sonra e\u011fitmenler s\u0131n\u0131fta ge\u00e7en zaman\u0131 grup etkinliklerine ve projelere ay\u0131r\u0131p k\u0131sa s\u0131navlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek \u00f6\u011frencilerin geli\u015fimlerini izlemektedirler (Collins, 2013). KA\u00c7D tasar\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitlilikleri daha detayl\u0131 olarak Konu 5.3\u2019de inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/span><\/p>\n Yine unutmamam\u0131z gerekir ki \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i ders veya program sa\u011flaman\u0131n tek bi\u00e7imi KA\u00c7D\u2019ler de\u011fildir. <\/span>2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/span><\/span> Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde diploma programlar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak <\/span>kredili<\/span><\/span> \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i ders alan <\/span>6.3 milyon<\/i><\/span><\/em> \u00f6\u011frenci bulunmaktad\u0131r. (Seaman vd., 2018).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n KA\u00c7D\u2019ler\u0131 di\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131k ders kaynaklar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zellik, KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin tek bir ders \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bunun kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in ne ifade etti\u011fi \u00e7ok da net de\u011fildir. Bir\u00e7ok KA\u00c7D dersi kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na dersi ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlamalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde sertifika ya da rozet verse de, <\/span>\u00e7o\u011fu durumda<\/span><\/span> bu sertifika ya da rozetler KA\u00c7D\u2019yi sa\u011flayan <\/span>\u00fcniversiteler<\/span><\/span> veya kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan bile h\u00e2len daha resm\u00ee olarak kabul g\u00f6rmemektedir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin t\u00fcm temel \u00f6zelliklerinin, bir \u015fekilde bunlar\u0131n haricinde de kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz. KA\u00c7D\u2019leri benzersiz k\u0131lan \u015fey, bu d\u00f6rt temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi bir araya getirmesi ve \u00f6zellikle de kitlesel olarak \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir olup kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131d\u0131r (her zaman \u00fccretsiz olmasa da).<\/span><\/p>\n\n Christensen, C. (2010) <\/span>Disrupting Class, Expanded Edition: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns<\/i><\/span><\/em> New York: McGraw-Hill<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Collins, E. (2013) <\/span>SJSU Plus Augmented Online Learning Environment Pilot Project Report<\/i><\/span><\/em> San Jose CA: San Jose State University<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Engle, W. (2104) <\/span>UBC MOOC Pilot: Design and Delivery<\/i><\/span><\/em> Vancouver BC: University of British Columbia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Friedman, T. (2013) Revolution Hits the Universities <\/span>New York Times<\/i><\/span><\/em>, January 26<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Seaman, J.E., Allen, I.E., and Seaman, J. (2018) <\/span>Grade Increase: Tracking Distance Education in the United States<\/i><\/span><\/em> Wellesley MA: The Babson Survey Research Group<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n Etkinlik 5.2<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n Bir KA\u00c7D ne zaman KA\u00c7D de\u011fildir? Bir dersin KA\u00c7D olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in temel \u00f6zellikler nelerdir?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t Kendi il ve il\u00e7enizdeki sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lardan KA\u00c7D \u00f6rnekleri bulabilir misiniz? Bunlar\u0131n, Coursera veya edX gibi KA\u00c7D platformlar\u0131ndan fark\u0131 nedir? Ne \u015fekildedir?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t Bunlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli bir e\u011fitim \u015fekli mi? Neden? Bir MOOC kalitesini de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in hangi kriterleri kullan\u0131rd\u0131n\u0131z? Cevaplar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 yaz\u0131n ve bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kalan\u0131n\u0131 okudu\u011funuzda fikrinizi de\u011fi\u015ftirip de\u011fi\u015ftirmedi\u011finizi kontrol edin.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n Senaryodaki yorumlar\u0131m i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki podcaste t\u0131klay\u0131n.<\/span><\/p>\n Ses \u00f6gesi, kitab\u0131n bu s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Buradan \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i olarak dinleyebilirsiniz: https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/teachinginadigitalagev2\/?p=150<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","rendered":" ekil 5.2.1 KA\u00c7D\u2019leri anlamak (Giulia Forsythe, 2012 ve JISC, 2012)<\/p>\n Son y\u0131llarda e\u011fitim alan\u0131ndaki hi\u00e7bir geli\u015fme, Kitlesel A\u00e7\u0131k \u00c7evrim i\u00e7i Dersler\u2019in (Massive Open Online Courses-MOOC) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 kadar tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yazar Thomas Friedman New York Times\u2019da \u015funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/span><\/p>\n \u2026g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hi\u00e7bir \u015fey, kitlesel a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i dersler kadar y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimi yeniden hayal etmemizi sa\u011flayacak potansiyele sahip de\u011fil…<\/span><\/em>. <\/u><\/span><\/em>Olduk\u00e7a az miktarda bir maliyet ile ABD, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bir k\u00f6y\u00fcnde bir yer kiralayabilir, oraya iki d\u00fczine bilgisayar ve uydu \u00fczerinden y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 internet eri\u015fimi sa\u011flayabilir, orada oturan bir \u00f6\u011fretmeni kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak istihdam edebilir, d\u00fcnyadaki en iyi profes\u00f6rlerden \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i ders almak isteyen t\u00fcm M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131 davet edebilir, Arap\u00e7a alt yaz\u0131l\u0131\u2026. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki en iyi profes\u00f6rlerden en iyi \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i dersleri al\u0131p kendi \u00fcniversite diplomam\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturabilece\u011fimizi g\u00f6rebiliyorum\u2026.<\/span><\/em> <\/u>ba\u015far\u0131 sertifikas\u0131 i\u00e7in sembolik bir \u00fccret \u00f6d\u00fcyor. Bu dersler, \u00f6\u011fretimi, \u00f6\u011frenimi ve istihdama giden yolu de\u011fi\u015ftirecektir.<\/span><\/em><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan, Clayton Christensen\u2019\u0131n (2010) e\u011fitim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fini iddia etti\u011fi t\u00fcrden `par\u00e7alay\u0131c\u0131\u2019 teknoloji t\u00fcrlerinin \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin e\u011fitsel yay\u0131n\u0131n modern bir t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011funu, asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok abart\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, e\u011fitimin temel ilkelerini \u00e7ok fazla etkilemedi\u011fini ve \u00f6zellikle de dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenme tipine cevap vermedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n KA\u00c7D\u2019ler e\u011fitimde bir devrim olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fi gibi \u00f6zellikle de ABD\u2019de, gere\u011finden fazla \u015fi\u015firilen teknoloji balonlar\u0131na bir \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bana g\u00f6re KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fmedir ancak dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi bilgi ve becerilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n KA\u00c7D terimi \u00e7ok geni\u015f yelpazedeki tasar\u0131m modellerini kaps\u0131yor olsa da t\u00fcm KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin belli ortak \u00f6zellikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n 2019 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Coursera’n\u0131n sundu\u011fu en b\u00fcy\u00fck kurs 240.000 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131y\u0131 hedeflerken 35 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi bu kursa kay\u0131t yapt\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131lan KA\u00c7D\u2019lere kaydolan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcz binlerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclse de, bu rakamlar daha sonraki KA\u00c7D\u2019lerde ayn\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f ancak h\u00e2la hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r y\u00fckseklikte olmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2013 senesinde, British Columbia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin Coursera arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok say\u0131da KA\u00c7D\u2019ye kat\u0131lan \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131, ders ba\u015f\u0131na 25,000 ila 190,000 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir (Engle, 2014).<\/span><\/p>\n Bununla birlikte asl\u0131nda \u00f6nemli olan derslere kay\u0131t yapt\u0131ran ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, <\/span>KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin <\/i><\/span><\/em>prensipte<\/span> \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir olmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/i><\/span><\/em>Bir KA\u00c7D\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin teknik olarak herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131r bulunmamaktad\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc KA\u00c7D\u2019yi a\u00e7an kurumlar i\u00e7in derse kat\u0131lan her bir ki\u015finin marjinal maliyeti s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. (Asl\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa <\/span>pratikte<\/i><\/span><\/em> bu \u00e7ok da do\u011fru de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc teknoloji, yedekleme ve bant geni\u015fli\u011fi maliyetleri her bir kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 i\u00e7in artmaktad\u0131r. Yine ileride g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a KA\u00c7D veren kurumlarda ikincil masraflar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Bununla birlikte toplamda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, her bir ilave kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n maliyeti g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilir d\u00fczeyde azd\u0131r). KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirilebilirli\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle de h\u00fck\u00fbmetler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, en \u00e7ok dikkati \u00e7eken \u00f6zelliklerden biridir; ancak bunun KA\u00c7D\u2019lere \u00f6zg\u00fc bir durum olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, eri\u015filen ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 anlam\u0131nda televizyon ve radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar en az\u0131ndan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki KA\u00c7D\u2019lere herhangi <\/span><\/span>bir \u00fccret \u00f6dememektedir; ancak bir\u00e7ok KA\u00c7D, de\u011ferlendirme sonucu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlara <\/span>belli bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<\/span><\/span> sertifika veya rozet vermektedir. <\/span>\u00d6rne\u011fin, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda Coursera kurs ba\u015f\u0131na 29 -99 ABD dolar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fccret al\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u0130nternete ba\u011fl\u0131 bir bilgisayar veya mobil cihaza eri\u015fimi olmak haricinde, KA\u00c7D kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u00f6n ko\u015ful bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte geni\u015f bantl\u0131 eri\u015fim, akan video kullanan KA\u00c7D\u2019ler i\u00e7in esast\u0131r,<\/span>ki bu az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fimi geni\u015fletme potansiyellerini ciddi \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n KA\u00c7D’lerin Coursera<\/span> ve di\u011fer KA\u00c7D platformlar\u0131nda<\/span><\/span> tamamen a\u00e7\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00f6nemli bir husus da var (e\u011fitimde ‘a\u00e7\u0131k’ kavram\u0131n\u0131n neyi ifade etti\u011fini g\u00f6rmek Tema 11’e bk.) Coursera, ders materyallerine ait t\u00fcm haklar\u0131n tek sahibidir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu materyaller ba\u015fka bir ama\u00e7la izinsiz olarak tekrar kullan\u0131lamaz ve ders sona erdi\u011finde Coursera isterse ders materyallerini siteden kald\u0131rabilir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Coursera, hangi kurumlar\u0131n kendi platformunu kullanarak KA\u00c7D\u2019lere ev sahipli\u011fi yapabilece\u011fi karar\u0131n\u0131 da kendisi vermektedir- \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kurumlar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k bir eri\u015fim de\u011fildir. \u00d6te yandan, edX a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 bir platformdur, bu nedenle edX”e kat\u0131lan herhangi bir kurum, kendi KA\u00c7D’lerini, materyal haklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin kendi kurallar\u0131 ile geli\u015ftirebilir. bKA\u00c7D’ler genel olarak tamamen a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ancak bKA\u00c7D’lerin bireysel kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131, materyallerin t\u00fcm\u00fc olmasa da \u00e7ok \u015fey yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haklara sahip olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131na ve KA\u00c7D malzemelerinin ne kadar s\u00fcre kullan\u0131labilir kalacaklar\u0131 her zaman a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u0130nternet \u00fczerinde herkesin eri\u015fimine \u00fccretsiz olarak a\u00e7\u0131k olan<\/span> a\u00e7\u0131k ders kitab\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim kaynaklar\u0131<\/span><\/span> gibi ba\u015fka \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i materyal t\u00fcrlerinin de bulundu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu materyaller, yeniden kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in KA\u00c7D materyallerinden \u00e7ok daha eri\u015filebilir bir pozisyondad\u0131r (Bk. Tema 11).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, en az\u0131ndan ilk zamanlarda tamamen \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i olarak verilmekteydi, fakat bug\u00fcn kurumlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu ders materyallerini kamp\u00fcs i\u00e7indeki y\u00fcz y\u00fcze derslerde de harmanlanm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imde kullanmak i\u00e7in hak sahipleri ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, kurumlar, kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 e\u011fitmenler \u00fczerinden bu materyalleri kullanarak kamp\u00fcsteki \u00f6\u011frencilere destek sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin San Jose Eyalet \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00f6\u011frenciler Udacity derslerinin KA\u00c7D materyallerini (ders anlat\u0131mlar\u0131, okumalar, k\u0131sa s\u0131navlar gibi) kullanmakta, daha sonra e\u011fitmenler s\u0131n\u0131fta ge\u00e7en zaman\u0131 grup etkinliklerine ve projelere ay\u0131r\u0131p k\u0131sa s\u0131navlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek \u00f6\u011frencilerin geli\u015fimlerini izlemektedirler (Collins, 2013). KA\u00c7D tasar\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitlilikleri daha detayl\u0131 olarak Konu 5.3\u2019de inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/span><\/p>\n Yine unutmamam\u0131z gerekir ki \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i ders veya program sa\u011flaman\u0131n tek bi\u00e7imi KA\u00c7D\u2019ler de\u011fildir. <\/span>2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/span><\/span> Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde diploma programlar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak <\/span>kredili<\/span><\/span> \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i ders alan <\/span>6.3 milyon<\/i><\/span><\/em> \u00f6\u011frenci bulunmaktad\u0131r. (Seaman vd., 2018).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n KA\u00c7D\u2019ler\u0131 di\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131k ders kaynaklar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zellik, KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin tek bir ders \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bunun kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in ne ifade etti\u011fi \u00e7ok da net de\u011fildir. Bir\u00e7ok KA\u00c7D dersi kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na dersi ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlamalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde sertifika ya da rozet verse de, <\/span>\u00e7o\u011fu durumda<\/span><\/span> bu sertifika ya da rozetler KA\u00c7D\u2019yi sa\u011flayan <\/span>\u00fcniversiteler<\/span><\/span> veya kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan bile h\u00e2len daha resm\u00ee olarak kabul g\u00f6rmemektedir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin t\u00fcm temel \u00f6zelliklerinin, bir \u015fekilde bunlar\u0131n haricinde de kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz. KA\u00c7D\u2019leri benzersiz k\u0131lan \u015fey, bu d\u00f6rt temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi bir araya getirmesi ve \u00f6zellikle de kitlesel olarak \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir olup kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131d\u0131r (her zaman \u00fccretsiz olmasa da).<\/span><\/p>\n Christensen, C. (2010) <\/span>Disrupting Class, Expanded Edition: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns<\/i><\/span><\/em> New York: McGraw-Hill<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Collins, E. (2013) <\/span>\u2026g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hi\u00e7bir \u015fey, kitlesel a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i dersler kadar y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimi yeniden hayal etmemizi sa\u011flayacak potansiyele sahip de\u011fil...<\/span><\/em>. <\/u><\/span><\/em>Olduk\u00e7a az miktarda bir maliyet ile ABD, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bir k\u00f6y\u00fcnde bir yer kiralayabilir, oraya iki d\u00fczine bilgisayar ve uydu \u00fczerinden y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 internet eri\u015fimi sa\u011flayabilir, orada oturan bir \u00f6\u011fretmeni kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak istihdam edebilir, d\u00fcnyadaki en iyi profes\u00f6rlerden \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i ders almak isteyen t\u00fcm M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131 davet edebilir, Arap\u00e7a alt yaz\u0131l\u0131\u2026. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki en iyi profes\u00f6rlerden en iyi \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i dersleri al\u0131p kendi \u00fcniversite diplomam\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturabilece\u011fimizi g\u00f6rebiliyorum\u2026.<\/span><\/em> <\/u>ba\u015far\u0131 sertifikas\u0131 i\u00e7in sembolik bir \u00fccret \u00f6d\u00fcyor. Bu dersler, \u00f6\u011fretimi, \u00f6\u011frenimi ve istihdama giden yolu de\u011fi\u015ftirecektir.<\/span><\/em><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/blockquote>\n
5.2.2 Temel \u00f6zellikler<\/h3>\n
5.2.2.1 Kitlesel<\/h4>\n
5.2.2.2 A\u00e7\u0131k<\/h4>\n
5.2.2.3 \u00c7evrim i\u00e7i<\/h4>\n
5.2.2.4 Dersler<\/h4>\n
5.2.3 \u00d6zet<\/h3>\n
Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h3>\n
\n\n \t
<\/p>\n5.2.1 KA\u00c7D\u2019ler: kitlesel bir karma\u015fa m\u0131?<\/h3>\n
5.2.2 Temel \u00f6zellikler<\/h3>\n
5.2.2.1 Kitlesel<\/h4>\n
5.2.2.2 A\u00e7\u0131k<\/h4>\n
5.2.2.3 \u00c7evrim i\u00e7i<\/h4>\n
5.2.2.4 Dersler<\/h4>\n
5.2.3 \u00d6zet<\/h3>\n
Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h3>\n