{"id":266,"date":"2020-09-03T15:37:03","date_gmt":"2020-09-03T12:37:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/chapter\/__unknown__-114\/"},"modified":"2020-09-03T15:37:03","modified_gmt":"2020-09-03T12:37:03","slug":"__unknown__-114","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/chapter\/__unknown__-114\/","title":{"raw":"11.1 A\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenme","rendered":"11.1 A\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenme"},"content":{"raw":"\n<p class=\"para2\"><img class=\"frame0\" src=\"http:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/09\/image0141.jpg\" alt=\"OEBPS\/images\/image0141.jpg\"><\/p>\n<span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><i>\u015eekil 11.1.1 \"Yaln\u0131zca her \u00e7ocu\u011fun nitelikli e\u011fitim almas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek isteyen ve buna kendini adam\u0131\u015f, biraz da inat\u00e7\u0131 bir insan\u0131m..\"\n\"Malala Yousafzai\u2019nin Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc almas\u0131 \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fma, 2014. Konu\u015fmay\u0131 izlemek i\u00e7in g\u00f6rselin \u00fczerine t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/i><\/span><\/span>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim kaynaklar\u0131 (AEK) ve KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin de etkisiyle, son y\u0131llarda a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenmeye olan ilgi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. AEK ve KA\u00c7D\u2019ler kendi i\u00e7lerinde \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler olsa da bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak e\u011fitim \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olacak a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitimdeki geli\u015fmeleri g\u00f6lgede b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, bir ad\u0131m geriye gidip yaln\u0131zca AEK ve KA\u00c7D\u2019leri de\u011fil genel anlamda a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenmeyi iyice anlamak gerekmektedir. B\u00f6yle bir anlay\u0131\u015f KA\u00c7D'ler, A\u00d6K'lar\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitimdeki geli\u015fmeleri ve bu geli\u015fmelerin gelecekte \u00f6\u011frenme ve \u00f6\u011fretme \u00fczerinde sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 etkiyi daha iyi anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"western\">11.1.1 Kavram olarak a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim<\/h3>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim, farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kabilir:<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>herkes i\u00e7in e\u011fitim<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">: genellikle finansman\u0131 devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanan ve belli bir b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan herkesin ilk, orta ve y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime \u00fccretsiz olarak veya \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00fccretle eri\u015febilmeleri;<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015f<\/i><\/span><\/em> <em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>yeterlilikleri kazand\u0131rmay\u0131<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> hedefleyen programlara a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim (Genelde ulusal a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler taraf\u0131ndan verilir. Son d\u00f6nemde OERu olu\u015fumu da vermektedir;<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">formal kredisi olmayan<\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i> ders ve programlara a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> (ders veya program\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlanmas\u0131 sonucunda rozet veya sertifika verilebilir). KA\u00c7D\u2019ler buna iyi bir \u00f6rnektir;<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>\u00f6\u011fretmen ve \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00fccretsiz olarak kullanabildikleri a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim kaynaklar\u0131<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> ve MIT\u2019de verilen derslerin video kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ve dersi destekleyici materyallerin \u00fccretsiz olarak indirilip kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi MIT A\u00e7\u0131k Ders Malzemeleri iyi bir \u00f6rnektir;<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>a\u00e7\u0131k ders kitaplar\u0131<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">, \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00fccretsiz kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k ders kitaplar\u0131 (bu kitap gibi);<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>a\u00e7\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rma<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporlar\u0131 ve makalelerin \u00fccretsiz olarak indirilebildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rma (<\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">\u00f6rne\u011fi i\u00e7in bkz A\u00e7\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi );<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>a\u00e7\u0131k veri,<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> at\u0131fta bulunma ve payla\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde herkesin kullan\u0131m\u0131na, yeniden kullan\u0131m\u0131na ve payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k olan veridir.\u00f6r. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131n\u0131n <\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k Veri Bankas\u0131<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>a\u00e7\u0131k pedagoji <\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve \u00f6\u011frenenin kat\u0131l\u0131m ilkelerini temel alan bir \u00f6\u011fretme ve \u00f6\u011frenme y\u00f6ntemi<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bu geli\u015fmelerin her biri, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan KA\u00c7D\u2019ler haricinde, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 5 'te daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.2 Herkes i\u00e7in e\u011fitim - y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim hari\u00e7<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim temelde bir ama\u00e7t\u0131r, ya da bir e\u011fitim politikas\u0131... A\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitimin en olmazsa olmaz \u00f6zelli\u011fi, \u00f6\u011frenmenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engellerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun anlam\u0131 okula gitmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden sahip olunmas\u0131 gereken birtak\u0131m \u00f6n yeterliliklerin olmamas\u0131, cinsiyet, ya\u015f veya inan\u00e7 ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmamas\u0131, herkesin e\u011fitimi maddi olarak kar\u015f\u0131layabilmesi ve engelli \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in e\u011fitimin s\u00f6z konusu engellerin \u00fcstesinden gelecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131larak (g\u00f6rme engelli \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in ses kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi) eri\u015filebilir k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130deal bir d\u00fcnyada, hi\u00e7 kimsenin a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim programlar\u0131na eri\u015fiminin reddedilmemesi gerekir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenme hem esnek hem de \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"western\">11.1.2.1 Devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen okullar<\/h3>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Be\u015f ya\u015ftan on alt\u0131 ya\u015fa kadar (veya baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde oldu\u011fu gibi on sekiz ya\u015fa kadar) devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen e\u011fitim<\/span> a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitimin en kapsaml\u0131 ve en yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fbmeti 1870 E\u011fitim Yasas\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek \u0130ngiltere ve Galler\u2019deki 5-13 ya\u015f aras\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n okulla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi yasala\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ebeveynlerin \u00f6demesi gereken birtak\u0131m \u00fccretler vard\u0131ysa da bu yasayla e\u011fitim finansman\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde vergilerden kar\u015f\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131 ve hi\u00e7bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik nedenlerle elinden al\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yasaya g\u00f6re okullar, se\u00e7imle g\u00f6reve gelen yerel okul kurullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilecekti (<span style=\"color: #008000;\">Ya\u015fayan Miras tarih yok<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e, ekonomik olarak geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde devletin finanse etti\u011fi e\u011fitimin kapsam\u0131 18 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar olan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015flemi\u015ftir. UNESCO\u2019nun Herkes \u0130\u00e7in E\u011fitim (Education for All - EFA) hareketi, 164 ulusal h\u00fck\u00fbmet taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen ve t\u00fcm \u00e7ocuklara, gen\u00e7lere ve yeti\u015fkinlere kaliteli temel e\u011fitim verilmesine y\u00f6nelik k\u00fcresel bir taahh\u00fct niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Buna ra\u011fmen, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde bug\u00fcn h\u00e2len daha 250 milyondan fazla \u00e7ocuk, kabaca ifade etmek gerekirse her be\u015f \u00e7ocuktan biri 'e\u011fitim sisteminin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f' durumdad\u0131r (UNESCO, 2018).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.2.2 Orta\u00f6\u011fretim sonras\u0131 e\u011fitim<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Orta\u00f6\u011fretim sonras\u0131 e\u011fitime veya y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fim, k\u0131smen maddi sebeplerle k\u0131smen de 'liyakat' a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00dcniversiteler, kendilerine ba\u015fvuran ki\u015filerin daha \u00f6nceki okullardaki s\u0131navlarda veya kurumsal giri\u015f s\u0131navlar\u0131nda elde ettikleri ba\u015far\u0131larla belirlenen akademik standartlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamalar\u0131n\u0131 beklemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, elit \u00fcniversiteler \u00f6\u011frenci kabul\u00fcnde \u00e7ok se\u00e7ici h\u00e2le gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bununla birlikte II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra geli\u015fmi\u015f ekonomiye sahip \u00fclkelerde hem sosyal hem de ekonomik nedenlerle e\u011fitimli bir n\u00fcfusa olan talep \u00fcniversitelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimin kapsam\u0131n\u0131n a\u015famal\u0131 olarak artmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130statistiklere g\u00f6re OECD\u2019ye \u00fcye \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclkede ya\u015f grubunun kabaca y\u00fczde 35 ila 60\u2019\u0131 bir y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumuna devam edecektir. \u00d6zellikle de i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z dijital \u00e7a\u011fda nitelikli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara talep giderek art\u0131yor ve en iyi i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa a\u00e7\u0131lan tek kap\u0131 da y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim... Bu nedenle de, y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime tam ve a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fimle ilgili bask\u0131 da paralel olarak artmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.2.3 Geni\u015fleyen eri\u015fim maliyeti<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bununla birlikte B\u00f6l\u00fcm 1\u2019de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi eri\u015fimin artan talebi kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilmesi h\u00fck\u00fbmetler ve vergi m\u00fckellefleri \u00fczerindeki finansal y\u00fck\u00fc de art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan mali krizi takiben, ABD\u2019deki bir\u00e7ok eyalet kendini ciddi mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulmu\u015f ve sonu\u00e7 olarak ABD\u2019nin y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim sisteminde kemer s\u0131kma politikas\u0131na gidilmi\u015ftir(<span style=\"color: #008000;\">bkn. \u00f6rn., Rivera, 2012<\/span>) bunun sonucu olarak e\u011fitim \u00fccretlerinde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\">ABD'de kamu e\u011fitimi finansman\u0131nda kesintiye gidildi\u011fi bir ortamda e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak <\/span>KA\u00c7D ve A\u00d6K gibi a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim bi\u00e7imlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00e7ok da tesad\u00fcfi de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla h\u00fck\u00fbmetler ve kurumlar, \u00e7aresizce finansman\u0131 art\u0131rmadan eri\u015fimi art\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler aramaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte, a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitime olan bu yenilenmi\u015f ilginin dayand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken arka plan budur.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.3 Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimde a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"western\">11.1.3.1 A\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler<\/h3>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">1970\u2019lerde ve 1980\u2019lerde, giri\u015f i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u00f6n yeterlilik talep etmeyen veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00f6n yeterlilik d\u00fczeyi talep eden a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerin say\u0131s\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f oldu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k'ta, 1969'da, orta\u00f6\u011fretimi terk eden \u00f6\u011frencilerin y\u00fczde 10'undan az\u0131 \u00fcniversiteye devam etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fbmeti, herkese a\u00e7\u0131k bir uzaktan e\u011fitim \u00fcniversitesi olan A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversiteyi o zaman kurmu\u015ftu; A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversite, \u00f6zel olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bas\u0131l\u0131 metinler, televizyon ve radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ve temel dersler i\u00e7in geleneksel \u00fcniversitelerde bir haftal\u0131k yat\u0131l\u0131 yaz kamplar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak e\u011fitim veriyordu (Perry, 1976; <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Weinbren, 2015<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda 25,000 \u00f6\u011frenciyle ba\u015flayan A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversitenin bug\u00fcn 200,000 fazla kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversite, h\u00fck\u00fbmetin kalite g\u00fcvence ajanslar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk on \u00fcniversitesi i\u00e7inde, ara\u015ft\u0131rma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise ilk 30 \u00fcniversite i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131p \u00f6\u011frenci memnuniyeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da ilk s\u0131rada bulunmaktad\u0131r (180'den fazla \u00fcniversite i\u00e7inde). Bug\u00fcn, A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversiteye kay\u0131tl\u0131 200,000 fazla \u00f6\u011frenci bulunmaktad\u0131r (<span style=\"color: #008000;\">Weinbren, 2015<\/span>). Ancak, kurumun devlet hibeleri ve fonlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan finansman\u0131 art\u0131k yeterli olmay\u0131p \u00f6\u011frencilerin farkl\u0131 birtak\u0131m \u00fccretler \u00f6demesi gerekmektedir. <span style=\"color: #008000;\"> Buna ek olarak y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fim art\u0131k bir lise grubunun% 50'sinin Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k'ta bir t\u00fcr y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime girdi\u011fi noktaya kadar geni\u015fledi (\u0130ngiltere E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2018 ).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde, Kanada da d\u00e2hil (Athabasca \u00dcniversitesi ve T\u00e9luq), devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversite bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler, genellikle, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00c7in A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversitesinin bir milyondan fazla lisans \u00f6\u011frencisi ve 2.4 milyon lise \u00f6\u011frencisi vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi A\u00e7\u0131k \u00d6\u011fretim Fak\u00fcltesine ise 1.2 milyon \u00f6\u011frenci kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde Endonezya\u2019daki A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversitenin (Universitas Terbuka ) yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m milyon, G\u00fcney Afrika \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin ise 350,000 kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Lisans derecesi veren bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ulusal a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler, aksi takdirde y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fim sa\u011flayamayacak olan milyonlarca \u00f6\u011frenciye \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bir hizmet sunmaktad\u0131r (konuyla ilgili kapsaml\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in Daniel, 1998 ve daha yeni bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. Contact Nort,2019).<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.3.2 A\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniteversitelerin alternatifleri<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">ABD\u2019de devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen bir a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversite yoktur. KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin ABD\u2019de bu kadar dikkat \u00e7ekmesinin ve ilgi g\u00f6rmesinin bir nedeni de budur. Western Governors\u2019 \u00dcniversitesi bir a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteye en yak\u0131n y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumudur. Phoenix \u00dcniversitesi gibi k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fcden \u00fcniversiteler de, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rdeki bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Phoenix \u00dcniversitesi gibi k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fcden \u00fcniversiteler de, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rdeki bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatmaktad\u0131r. Genellikle kendi diplomalar\u0131n\u0131 veren ulusal a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir de OERu \u2019dan bahsetmek gerekir. \u0130ngiliz Uluslar Toplulu\u011fu ve ABD \u00fcniversitelerinden olu\u015fan uluslararas\u0131 bir konsorsiyum olan OERu\u2019nun sundu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim derslerle, \u00f6\u011frenciler ya ald\u0131klar\u0131 derslerin kredisini ortak \u00fcniversitelerden herhangi birinde sayd\u0131rabilmekte ya da kredilerini en fazla krediyi ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcniversiteden bir lisans diplomas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmelerine izin vermektedir. \u00d6\u011frenciler, ders de\u011ferlendirmesi i\u00e7in bir \u00fccret \u00f6demektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.4 A\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenimin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k, uzaktan, esnek ve \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i \u00f6\u011frenmeyi \u2018en saf\u2019 h\u00e2liyle \u00e7ok nadiren bulabiliriz. Hi\u00e7bir \u00f6\u011fretim sistemi tamamen a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011fretim sistemleri i\u00e7in asgari bir okuryazarl\u0131k d\u00fczeyi gerekir. Yani, a\u00e7\u0131k-l\u0131\u011f\u0131n dereceleri vard\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k-l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, teknoloji kullan\u0131m\u0131na yans\u0131malar\u0131 daha \u00f6zeldir. Hi\u00e7 kimsenin eri\u015fiminin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmayaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyorsa, herkesin eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k teknolojilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bir e\u011fitim kurumu \u00f6\u011frencilerini se\u00e7erken \u00f6zellikle se\u00e7ici davran\u0131yorsa, uzaktan e\u011fitim teknolojisinin se\u00e7iminde daha fazla esnekli\u011fe sahiptir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i veya harmanlanm\u0131\u015f bir ders almak isteyen t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011frenciler, kendi bilgisayarlar\u0131n\u0131n ve internet ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131 talep edebilir. Ancak, kurumun sorumlulu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6\u011frencilere a\u00e7\u0131k olmaksa bunu yapamaz. Ger\u00e7ekten a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler, teknolojinin e\u011fitsel uygulamalar\u0131nda her zaman biraz geride kalacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">\u00c7o\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitenin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na ra\u011fmen a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler kamp\u00fcs e\u011fitimi veren y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip de\u011fillerdir. A\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerde, program\u0131 bitirme veya mezuniyet oranlar\u0131 genellikle \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversite\u2019ye devam eden \u00f6\u011frencilerin program\u0131 bitirme oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 22\u2019dir (Woodley &amp; Simpson, 2014); ancak buna ra\u011fmen programlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7o\u011fu KA\u00c7D\u2019nin bitirme oran\u0131ndan h\u00e2la daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Son olarak a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 40 y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcredir hizmet vermektedir ve k\u0131smen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli olmalar\u0131 ve bas\u0131l\u0131 materyal ya da yay\u0131n gibi daha eski teknolojilere yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 eski yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u0131smen de son teknolojilere eri\u015fimi olmayan potansiyel \u00f6\u011frencilerin eri\u015fimini reddetmediklerinden, teknolojideki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede uyum g\u00f6sterememektedirler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bu nedenle, a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler, hem genel olarak y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fimdeki bir patlama hem de geleneksel \u00fcniversiteler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i \u00f6\u011frenmenin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla giderek daha fazla zorlanmaktad\u0131r. <span style=\"color: #008000;\">\u00d6rne\u011fin, Kanada'da, Donovan vd., (2018<\/span>) hemen hemen t\u00fcm \u00fcniversitelerin ve \u00e7o\u011fu y\u00fcksekokulun \u015fu anda tamamen \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i kurslar (eri\u015fim h\u00e2la daha \u00f6nceki niteliklere dayanmaktad\u0131r) sundu\u011funu belirtmi\u015flerdir. KA\u00c7D gibi yeni geli\u015fmeler ve bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn konusu olan a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim kaynaklar\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler i\u00e7in daha fazla zorluk te\u015fkil etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"western\">Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Contact North (2019) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Searchable Directory of More than 65 Open Universities Worldwide<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> Sudbury ON: Teachonline.ca<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Daniel, J. (1998) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Mega-Universities and Knowledge Media: Technology Strategies for Higher Education<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\">. London: Kogan Page<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Donovan, T. et al. (2018) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Tracking Online and Distance Education in Canadian Universities and Colleges: 2018<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> Halifax NS: Canadian Digital Learning Research Association<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Living Heritage (undated) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Going to school: the 1870 Education Act<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\">, London: UK Parliament<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Perry, W. (1976) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>The Open University<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> Milton Keynes: Open University Press<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Rivera, C. (2012) Survey offers dire picture of California\u2019s two-year colleges Los Angeles Times, August 28<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">U.K. Department of Education (2018) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Participation Rates in Higher Education: Academic Years 2006\/2007 \u2013 2017\/2018 (Provisional)<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> London: Department of Education HE Statistics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">UNESCO (2014) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Education for All, 2000-2015: achievements and challenges<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> Paris FR: The UNESCO 2015 EFA Global Monitoring Report team<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">UNESCO (2018) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>One in Five Children, Adolescents and Youth is Out of School <\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Paris FR: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Fact Sheet No 42<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Weinbren, D. (2015) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>The Open University: A Histor<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\">y Manchester UK: Manchester University Press\/The Open University<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Woodley, A. and Simpson, O. (2014) \u2018Student drop-out: the elephant in the room\u2019 in Zawacki-Richter, O. and Anderson, T. (eds.) (2014) <em class=\"western\"><i>Online Distance Education: Towards a Research Agenda<\/i><\/em> Athabasca AB: AU Press, pp. 508<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"western\">Etkinlik 11.1 Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim isteyen herkese `a\u00e7\u0131k\u2019 olmal\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">1. Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fim herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">E\u011fer evet ise bu ilkeye eklenebilecek makul s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar neler olabilir?<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fbmetin rol\u00fc (varsa) nedir?<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bu sorunun ilk k\u0131sm\u0131na cevab\u0131n\u0131z hay\u0131r ise neden ilk ve orta\u00f6\u011fretim a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131 ancak y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim a\u00e7\u0131k olmamal\u0131d\u0131r? Neden yaln\u0131zca para m\u0131d\u0131r, yoksa ba\u015fka sebepler de var m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">2. Dijital \u00e7a\u011fda a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam etmeli midir?<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n","rendered":"<p class=\"para2\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"frame0\" src=\"http:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/09\/image0141.jpg\" alt=\"OEBPS\/images\/image0141.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><i>\u015eekil 11.1.1 &#8220;Yaln\u0131zca her \u00e7ocu\u011fun nitelikli e\u011fitim almas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek isteyen ve buna kendini adam\u0131\u015f, biraz da inat\u00e7\u0131 bir insan\u0131m..&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8220;Malala Yousafzai\u2019nin Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc almas\u0131 \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fma, 2014. Konu\u015fmay\u0131 izlemek i\u00e7in g\u00f6rselin \u00fczerine t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim kaynaklar\u0131 (AEK) ve KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin de etkisiyle, son y\u0131llarda a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenmeye olan ilgi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. AEK ve KA\u00c7D\u2019ler kendi i\u00e7lerinde \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler olsa da bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak e\u011fitim \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olacak a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitimdeki geli\u015fmeleri g\u00f6lgede b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, bir ad\u0131m geriye gidip yaln\u0131zca AEK ve KA\u00c7D\u2019leri de\u011fil genel anlamda a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenmeyi iyice anlamak gerekmektedir. B\u00f6yle bir anlay\u0131\u015f KA\u00c7D&#8217;ler, A\u00d6K&#8217;lar\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitimdeki geli\u015fmeleri ve bu geli\u015fmelerin gelecekte \u00f6\u011frenme ve \u00f6\u011fretme \u00fczerinde sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 etkiyi daha iyi anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"western\">11.1.1 Kavram olarak a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim<\/h3>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim, farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kabilir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>herkes i\u00e7in e\u011fitim<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">: genellikle finansman\u0131 devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanan ve belli bir b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan herkesin ilk, orta ve y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime \u00fccretsiz olarak veya \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00fccretle eri\u015febilmeleri;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015f<\/i><\/span><\/em> <em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>yeterlilikleri kazand\u0131rmay\u0131<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> hedefleyen programlara a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim (Genelde ulusal a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler taraf\u0131ndan verilir. Son d\u00f6nemde OERu olu\u015fumu da vermektedir;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">formal kredisi olmayan<\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i> ders ve programlara a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> (ders veya program\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlanmas\u0131 sonucunda rozet veya sertifika verilebilir). KA\u00c7D\u2019ler buna iyi bir \u00f6rnektir;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>\u00f6\u011fretmen ve \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00fccretsiz olarak kullanabildikleri a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim kaynaklar\u0131<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> ve MIT\u2019de verilen derslerin video kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ve dersi destekleyici materyallerin \u00fccretsiz olarak indirilip kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi MIT A\u00e7\u0131k Ders Malzemeleri iyi bir \u00f6rnektir;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>a\u00e7\u0131k ders kitaplar\u0131<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">, \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00fccretsiz kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k ders kitaplar\u0131 (bu kitap gibi);<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>a\u00e7\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rma<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporlar\u0131 ve makalelerin \u00fccretsiz olarak indirilebildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rma (<\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">\u00f6rne\u011fi i\u00e7in bkz A\u00e7\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi );<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>a\u00e7\u0131k veri,<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> at\u0131fta bulunma ve payla\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde herkesin kullan\u0131m\u0131na, yeniden kullan\u0131m\u0131na ve payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k olan veridir.\u00f6r. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131n\u0131n <\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k Veri Bankas\u0131<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><i>a\u00e7\u0131k pedagoji <\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"> a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve \u00f6\u011frenenin kat\u0131l\u0131m ilkelerini temel alan bir \u00f6\u011fretme ve \u00f6\u011frenme y\u00f6ntemi<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bu geli\u015fmelerin her biri, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan KA\u00c7D\u2019ler haricinde, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 5 &#8216;te daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.2 Herkes i\u00e7in e\u011fitim &#8211; y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim hari\u00e7<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim temelde bir ama\u00e7t\u0131r, ya da bir e\u011fitim politikas\u0131&#8230; A\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitimin en olmazsa olmaz \u00f6zelli\u011fi, \u00f6\u011frenmenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engellerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun anlam\u0131 okula gitmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden sahip olunmas\u0131 gereken birtak\u0131m \u00f6n yeterliliklerin olmamas\u0131, cinsiyet, ya\u015f veya inan\u00e7 ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmamas\u0131, herkesin e\u011fitimi maddi olarak kar\u015f\u0131layabilmesi ve engelli \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in e\u011fitimin s\u00f6z konusu engellerin \u00fcstesinden gelecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131larak (g\u00f6rme engelli \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in ses kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi) eri\u015filebilir k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130deal bir d\u00fcnyada, hi\u00e7 kimsenin a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim programlar\u0131na eri\u015fiminin reddedilmemesi gerekir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenme hem esnek hem de \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"western\">11.1.2.1 Devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen okullar<\/h3>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Be\u015f ya\u015ftan on alt\u0131 ya\u015fa kadar (veya baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde oldu\u011fu gibi on sekiz ya\u015fa kadar) devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen e\u011fitim<\/span> a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitimin en kapsaml\u0131 ve en yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fbmeti 1870 E\u011fitim Yasas\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek \u0130ngiltere ve Galler\u2019deki 5-13 ya\u015f aras\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n okulla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi yasala\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ebeveynlerin \u00f6demesi gereken birtak\u0131m \u00fccretler vard\u0131ysa da bu yasayla e\u011fitim finansman\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde vergilerden kar\u015f\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131 ve hi\u00e7bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik nedenlerle elinden al\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yasaya g\u00f6re okullar, se\u00e7imle g\u00f6reve gelen yerel okul kurullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilecekti (<span style=\"color: #008000;\">Ya\u015fayan Miras tarih yok<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e, ekonomik olarak geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde devletin finanse etti\u011fi e\u011fitimin kapsam\u0131 18 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar olan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015flemi\u015ftir. UNESCO\u2019nun Herkes \u0130\u00e7in E\u011fitim (Education for All &#8211; EFA) hareketi, 164 ulusal h\u00fck\u00fbmet taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen ve t\u00fcm \u00e7ocuklara, gen\u00e7lere ve yeti\u015fkinlere kaliteli temel e\u011fitim verilmesine y\u00f6nelik k\u00fcresel bir taahh\u00fct niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Buna ra\u011fmen, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde bug\u00fcn h\u00e2len daha 250 milyondan fazla \u00e7ocuk, kabaca ifade etmek gerekirse her be\u015f \u00e7ocuktan biri &#8216;e\u011fitim sisteminin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f&#8217; durumdad\u0131r (UNESCO, 2018).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.2.2 Orta\u00f6\u011fretim sonras\u0131 e\u011fitim<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Orta\u00f6\u011fretim sonras\u0131 e\u011fitime veya y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fim, k\u0131smen maddi sebeplerle k\u0131smen de &#8216;liyakat&#8217; a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00dcniversiteler, kendilerine ba\u015fvuran ki\u015filerin daha \u00f6nceki okullardaki s\u0131navlarda veya kurumsal giri\u015f s\u0131navlar\u0131nda elde ettikleri ba\u015far\u0131larla belirlenen akademik standartlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamalar\u0131n\u0131 beklemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, elit \u00fcniversiteler \u00f6\u011frenci kabul\u00fcnde \u00e7ok se\u00e7ici h\u00e2le gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bununla birlikte II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra geli\u015fmi\u015f ekonomiye sahip \u00fclkelerde hem sosyal hem de ekonomik nedenlerle e\u011fitimli bir n\u00fcfusa olan talep \u00fcniversitelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimin kapsam\u0131n\u0131n a\u015famal\u0131 olarak artmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130statistiklere g\u00f6re OECD\u2019ye \u00fcye \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclkede ya\u015f grubunun kabaca y\u00fczde 35 ila 60\u2019\u0131 bir y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumuna devam edecektir. \u00d6zellikle de i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z dijital \u00e7a\u011fda nitelikli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara talep giderek art\u0131yor ve en iyi i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa a\u00e7\u0131lan tek kap\u0131 da y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim&#8230; Bu nedenle de, y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime tam ve a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fimle ilgili bask\u0131 da paralel olarak artmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.2.3 Geni\u015fleyen eri\u015fim maliyeti<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bununla birlikte B\u00f6l\u00fcm 1\u2019de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi eri\u015fimin artan talebi kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilmesi h\u00fck\u00fbmetler ve vergi m\u00fckellefleri \u00fczerindeki finansal y\u00fck\u00fc de art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan mali krizi takiben, ABD\u2019deki bir\u00e7ok eyalet kendini ciddi mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulmu\u015f ve sonu\u00e7 olarak ABD\u2019nin y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim sisteminde kemer s\u0131kma politikas\u0131na gidilmi\u015ftir(<span style=\"color: #008000;\">bkn. \u00f6rn., Rivera, 2012<\/span>) bunun sonucu olarak e\u011fitim \u00fccretlerinde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\">ABD&#8217;de kamu e\u011fitimi finansman\u0131nda kesintiye gidildi\u011fi bir ortamda e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak <\/span>KA\u00c7D ve A\u00d6K gibi a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim bi\u00e7imlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00e7ok da tesad\u00fcfi de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla h\u00fck\u00fbmetler ve kurumlar, \u00e7aresizce finansman\u0131 art\u0131rmadan eri\u015fimi art\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler aramaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte, a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitime olan bu yenilenmi\u015f ilginin dayand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken arka plan budur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.3 Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimde a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"western\">11.1.3.1 A\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler<\/h3>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">1970\u2019lerde ve 1980\u2019lerde, giri\u015f i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u00f6n yeterlilik talep etmeyen veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00f6n yeterlilik d\u00fczeyi talep eden a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerin say\u0131s\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f oldu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k&#8217;ta, 1969&#8217;da, orta\u00f6\u011fretimi terk eden \u00f6\u011frencilerin y\u00fczde 10&#8217;undan az\u0131 \u00fcniversiteye devam etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fbmeti, herkese a\u00e7\u0131k bir uzaktan e\u011fitim \u00fcniversitesi olan A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversiteyi o zaman kurmu\u015ftu; A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversite, \u00f6zel olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bas\u0131l\u0131 metinler, televizyon ve radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ve temel dersler i\u00e7in geleneksel \u00fcniversitelerde bir haftal\u0131k yat\u0131l\u0131 yaz kamplar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak e\u011fitim veriyordu (Perry, 1976; <span style=\"color: #008000;\">Weinbren, 2015<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda 25,000 \u00f6\u011frenciyle ba\u015flayan A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversitenin bug\u00fcn 200,000 fazla kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversite, h\u00fck\u00fbmetin kalite g\u00fcvence ajanslar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk on \u00fcniversitesi i\u00e7inde, ara\u015ft\u0131rma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise ilk 30 \u00fcniversite i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131p \u00f6\u011frenci memnuniyeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da ilk s\u0131rada bulunmaktad\u0131r (180&#8217;den fazla \u00fcniversite i\u00e7inde). Bug\u00fcn, A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversiteye kay\u0131tl\u0131 200,000 fazla \u00f6\u011frenci bulunmaktad\u0131r (<span style=\"color: #008000;\">Weinbren, 2015<\/span>). Ancak, kurumun devlet hibeleri ve fonlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan finansman\u0131 art\u0131k yeterli olmay\u0131p \u00f6\u011frencilerin farkl\u0131 birtak\u0131m \u00fccretler \u00f6demesi gerekmektedir. <span style=\"color: #008000;\"> Buna ek olarak y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fim art\u0131k bir lise grubunun% 50&#8217;sinin Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k&#8217;ta bir t\u00fcr y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime girdi\u011fi noktaya kadar geni\u015fledi (\u0130ngiltere E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2018 ).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde, Kanada da d\u00e2hil (Athabasca \u00dcniversitesi ve T\u00e9luq), devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversite bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler, genellikle, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00c7in A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversitesinin bir milyondan fazla lisans \u00f6\u011frencisi ve 2.4 milyon lise \u00f6\u011frencisi vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi A\u00e7\u0131k \u00d6\u011fretim Fak\u00fcltesine ise 1.2 milyon \u00f6\u011frenci kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde Endonezya\u2019daki A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversitenin (Universitas Terbuka ) yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m milyon, G\u00fcney Afrika \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin ise 350,000 kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Lisans derecesi veren bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ulusal a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler, aksi takdirde y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fim sa\u011flayamayacak olan milyonlarca \u00f6\u011frenciye \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bir hizmet sunmaktad\u0131r (konuyla ilgili kapsaml\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in Daniel, 1998 ve daha yeni bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. Contact Nort,2019).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.3.2 A\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniteversitelerin alternatifleri<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">ABD\u2019de devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen bir a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversite yoktur. KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin ABD\u2019de bu kadar dikkat \u00e7ekmesinin ve ilgi g\u00f6rmesinin bir nedeni de budur. Western Governors\u2019 \u00dcniversitesi bir a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteye en yak\u0131n y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumudur. Phoenix \u00dcniversitesi gibi k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fcden \u00fcniversiteler de, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rdeki bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Phoenix \u00dcniversitesi gibi k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fcden \u00fcniversiteler de, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rdeki bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatmaktad\u0131r. Genellikle kendi diplomalar\u0131n\u0131 veren ulusal a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir de OERu \u2019dan bahsetmek gerekir. \u0130ngiliz Uluslar Toplulu\u011fu ve ABD \u00fcniversitelerinden olu\u015fan uluslararas\u0131 bir konsorsiyum olan OERu\u2019nun sundu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim derslerle, \u00f6\u011frenciler ya ald\u0131klar\u0131 derslerin kredisini ortak \u00fcniversitelerden herhangi birinde sayd\u0131rabilmekte ya da kredilerini en fazla krediyi ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcniversiteden bir lisans diplomas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmelerine izin vermektedir. \u00d6\u011frenciler, ders de\u011ferlendirmesi i\u00e7in bir \u00fccret \u00f6demektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.1.4 A\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenimin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">A\u00e7\u0131k, uzaktan, esnek ve \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i \u00f6\u011frenmeyi \u2018en saf\u2019 h\u00e2liyle \u00e7ok nadiren bulabiliriz. Hi\u00e7bir \u00f6\u011fretim sistemi tamamen a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011fretim sistemleri i\u00e7in asgari bir okuryazarl\u0131k d\u00fczeyi gerekir. Yani, a\u00e7\u0131k-l\u0131\u011f\u0131n dereceleri vard\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k-l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, teknoloji kullan\u0131m\u0131na yans\u0131malar\u0131 daha \u00f6zeldir. Hi\u00e7 kimsenin eri\u015fiminin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmayaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyorsa, herkesin eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k teknolojilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bir e\u011fitim kurumu \u00f6\u011frencilerini se\u00e7erken \u00f6zellikle se\u00e7ici davran\u0131yorsa, uzaktan e\u011fitim teknolojisinin se\u00e7iminde daha fazla esnekli\u011fe sahiptir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i veya harmanlanm\u0131\u015f bir ders almak isteyen t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011frenciler, kendi bilgisayarlar\u0131n\u0131n ve internet ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131 talep edebilir. Ancak, kurumun sorumlulu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6\u011frencilere a\u00e7\u0131k olmaksa bunu yapamaz. Ger\u00e7ekten a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler, teknolojinin e\u011fitsel uygulamalar\u0131nda her zaman biraz geride kalacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">\u00c7o\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitenin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na ra\u011fmen a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler kamp\u00fcs e\u011fitimi veren y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip de\u011fillerdir. A\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerde, program\u0131 bitirme veya mezuniyet oranlar\u0131 genellikle \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki A\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcniversite\u2019ye devam eden \u00f6\u011frencilerin program\u0131 bitirme oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 22\u2019dir (Woodley &amp; Simpson, 2014); ancak buna ra\u011fmen programlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7o\u011fu KA\u00c7D\u2019nin bitirme oran\u0131ndan h\u00e2la daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Son olarak a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 40 y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcredir hizmet vermektedir ve k\u0131smen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli olmalar\u0131 ve bas\u0131l\u0131 materyal ya da yay\u0131n gibi daha eski teknolojilere yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 eski yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u0131smen de son teknolojilere eri\u015fimi olmayan potansiyel \u00f6\u011frencilerin eri\u015fimini reddetmediklerinden, teknolojideki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede uyum g\u00f6sterememektedirler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bu nedenle, a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler, hem genel olarak y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fimdeki bir patlama hem de geleneksel \u00fcniversiteler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i \u00f6\u011frenmenin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla giderek daha fazla zorlanmaktad\u0131r. <span style=\"color: #008000;\">\u00d6rne\u011fin, Kanada&#8217;da, Donovan vd., (2018<\/span>) hemen hemen t\u00fcm \u00fcniversitelerin ve \u00e7o\u011fu y\u00fcksekokulun \u015fu anda tamamen \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i kurslar (eri\u015fim h\u00e2la daha \u00f6nceki niteliklere dayanmaktad\u0131r) sundu\u011funu belirtmi\u015flerdir. KA\u00c7D gibi yeni geli\u015fmeler ve bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn konusu olan a\u00e7\u0131k e\u011fitim kaynaklar\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversiteler i\u00e7in daha fazla zorluk te\u015fkil etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h2>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Contact North (2019) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Searchable Directory of More than 65 Open Universities Worldwide<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> Sudbury ON: Teachonline.ca<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Daniel, J. (1998) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Mega-Universities and Knowledge Media: Technology Strategies for Higher Education<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\">. London: Kogan Page<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Donovan, T. et al. (2018) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Tracking Online and Distance Education in Canadian Universities and Colleges: 2018<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> Halifax NS: Canadian Digital Learning Research Association<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Living Heritage (undated) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Going to school: the 1870 Education Act<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\">, London: UK Parliament<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Perry, W. (1976) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>The Open University<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> Milton Keynes: Open University Press<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Rivera, C. (2012) Survey offers dire picture of California\u2019s two-year colleges Los Angeles Times, August 28<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">U.K. Department of Education (2018) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Participation Rates in Higher Education: Academic Years 2006\/2007 \u2013 2017\/2018 (Provisional)<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> London: Department of Education HE Statistics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">UNESCO (2014) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>Education for All, 2000-2015: achievements and challenges<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\"> Paris FR: The UNESCO 2015 EFA Global Monitoring Report team<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">UNESCO (2018) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>One in Five Children, Adolescents and Youth is Out of School <\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Paris FR: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Fact Sheet No 42<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\">Weinbren, D. (2015) <\/span><em class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #538135;\"><i>The Open University: A Histor<\/i><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #538135;\">y Manchester UK: Manchester University Press\/The Open University<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Woodley, A. and Simpson, O. (2014) \u2018Student drop-out: the elephant in the room\u2019 in Zawacki-Richter, O. and Anderson, T. (eds.) (2014) <em class=\"western\"><i>Online Distance Education: Towards a Research Agenda<\/i><\/em> Athabasca AB: AU Press, pp. 508<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"western\">Etkinlik 11.1 Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim isteyen herkese `a\u00e7\u0131k\u2019 olmal\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">1. Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime eri\u015fim herkese a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">E\u011fer evet ise bu ilkeye eklenebilecek makul s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar neler olabilir?<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fbmetin rol\u00fc (varsa) nedir?<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">Bu sorunun ilk k\u0131sm\u0131na cevab\u0131n\u0131z hay\u0131r ise neden ilk ve orta\u00f6\u011fretim a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131 ancak y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim a\u00e7\u0131k olmamal\u0131d\u0131r? Neden yaln\u0131zca para m\u0131d\u0131r, yoksa ba\u015fka sebepler de var m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-CA\"><span style=\"font-family: Book Antiqua, serif;\">2. Dijital \u00e7a\u011fda a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcniversitelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam etmeli midir?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-266","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":262,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/266","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/266\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/262"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/266\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=266"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=266"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=266"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acikkitap.com.tr\/dijital\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=266"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}